Epilogue

Dramatis Personae

27 min read
Table of Contents
Name Title / Role Reign / Date Key Notes
Adad-nirari I King of Assyria 1307–1275 BC Conquered the kingdom of Mitanni.
Ahmose Egyptian queen ca. 1520 BC Eighteenth Dynasty; wife of Thutmose I and mother of Hatshepsut.
Ahmose I Pharaoh 1570–1546 BC Founder of the 18th Dynasty; expelled the Hyksos from Egypt with his brother Kamose.
Akhenaten Pharaoh 1353–1334 BC Eighteenth Dynasty; banned all gods except Aten; husband of Nefertiti; father of Tutankhamen. [According to Ra of Law of One, Akhenaten was the enlightened leader]
Amenhotep III Pharaoh 1391–1353 BC Eighteenth Dynasty; extensive correspondence found at Amarna; trade connections to Mesopotamia and the Aegean.
Ammistamru I King of Ugarit ca. 1360 BC Corresponded with Egyptian pharaohs.
Ammistamru II King of Ugarit 1260–1235 BC In charge during Sinaranu’s voyage from Ugarit to Crete.
Ammurapi King of Ugarit ca. 1215–1190/85 BC Last king of Ugarit.
Ankhsenamen Egyptian queen ca. 1330 BC Eighteenth Dynasty; daughter of Akhenaten and wife of Tutankhamen.
Apophis Hyksos king ca. 1574 BC Fifteenth Dynasty; quarreled with Seknenre.
Assur-uballit I King of Assyria 1363–1328 BC Corresponded with Amarna pharaohs; a major player in realpolitik.
Ay Pharaoh 1325–1321 BC Eighteenth Dynasty; military man who became pharaoh by marrying Ankhsenamen after Tutankhamen’s death.
Burna-Buriash II Kassite king of Babylon 1359–1333 BC Corresponded with Amarna pharaohs.
Hammurabi King of Babylon 1792–1750 BC Renowned for his law code.
Hatshepsut Egyptian queen/pharaoh 1504–1480 BC Eighteenth Dynasty; came to power as regent for Thutmose III; ruled as pharaoh for about 20 years.
Hattusili I Hittite king 1650–1620 BC Probably responsible for moving the Hittite capital to Hattusa.
Hattusili III Hittite king 1267–1237 BC Signed peace treaty with Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II.
Idadda King of Qatna ca. 1340 BC Presumably defeated by Hanutti, commander in chief of the Hittite army under Suppiluliuma I.
Kadashman-Enlil I Kassite king of Babylon ca. 1374–1360 BC Corresponded with Amarna pharaohs; daughter married Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III.
Kamose Pharaoh 1573–1570 BC Last king of the Seventeenth Dynasty; responsible, along with his brother Ahmose, for expelling the Hyksos from Egypt.
Kashtiliashu IV Kassite king of Babylon ca. 1232–1225 BC Defeated by Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria.
Khyan Hyksos king ca. 1600 BC Fifteenth Dynasty; items with his name inscribed found in Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and the Aegean.
Kukkuli King of Assuwa ca. 1430 BC Initiated the Assuwan Rebellion against the Hittites.
Kurigalzu I Kassite king of Babylon ca. 1400–1375 BC Corresponded with Amarna pharaohs; daughter married Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III.
Kurigalzu II Kassite king of Babylon ca. 1332–1308 BC Puppet king placed on the throne by Assur-uballit I of Assyria.
Kushmeshusha King of Cyprus early 12th century BC A letter from this king was found in the House of Urtenu at Ugarit.
Manetho Egyptian priest 3rd century BC Lived and wrote during the Hellenistic period.
Merneptah Pharaoh 1212–1202 BC Nineteenth Dynasty; known for his stele mentioning Israel and for fighting the first wave of the Sea Peoples.
Mursili I Hittite king 1620–1590 BC Destroyed Babylon in 1595 BC, ending Hammurabi’s dynasty.
Mursili II Hittite king 1321–1295 BC Son of Suppiluliuma I; wrote the Plague Prayers and other important documents.
Muwattalli II Hittite king 1295–1272 BC Fought against Ramses II at the Battle of Qadesh.
Nefertiti Egyptian queen ca. 1350 BC Married to Akhenaten; may have been a power behind the throne.
Niqmaddu II King of Ugarit ca. 1350–1315 BC Corresponded with Egyptian pharaohs during the Amarna Period.
Niqmaddu III King of Ugarit ca. 1225–1215 BC Penultimate king of Ugarit.
Niqmepa King of Ugarit ca. 1313–1260 BC Son of Niqmaddu II and father of Ammistamru II.
Ramses II Pharaoh 1279–1212 BC Nineteenth Dynasty; fought Muwattalli II at Qadesh and later signed a peace treaty with Hattusili III.
Ramses III Pharaoh 1184–1153 BC Twentieth Dynasty; fought the second wave of the Sea Peoples; assassinated in a harem conspiracy.
Saushtatar King of Mitanni ca. 1430 BC Expanded the Mitannian kingdom by attacking the Assyrians; may have fought the Hittites.
Seknenre Pharaoh ca. 1574 BC Seventeenth Dynasty; likely killed in battle, with a mortal head wound visible on his mummy.
Shattiwaza King of Mitanni ca. 1340 BC Son of Tushratta.
Shaushgamuwa King of Amurru ca. 1225 BC Signed a treaty with the Hittites mentioning Ahhiyawa.
Shutruk-Nahhunte Elamite king 1190–1155 BC Attacked Babylon and overthrew its king in 1158 BC.
Shuttarna II King of Mitanni ca. 1380 BC Corresponded with Amarna pharaohs; daughter married Amenhotep III.
Sinaranu Merchant in Ugarit ca. 1260 BC Sent ships to Minoan Crete; exempt from taxation.
Suppiluliuma I Hittite king ca. 1350–1322 BC Expanded Hittite holdings; corresponded with an Egyptian queen who requested one of his sons as her husband.
Suppiluliuma II Hittite king ca. 1207 BC onward Last Hittite king; fought naval battles and invaded Cyprus.
Tarkhundaradu King of Arzawa ca. 1360 BC Corresponded with Amarna pharaohs; daughter married Amenhotep III.
Thutmose I Pharaoh 1524–1518 BC Eighteenth Dynasty; father of Hatshepsut and Thutmose II.
Thutmose II Pharaoh 1518–1504 BC Eighteenth Dynasty; half-brother and husband of Hatshepsut; father of Thutmose III.
Thutmose III Pharaoh 1479–1450 BC Eighteenth Dynasty; fought the Battle of Megiddo in his first year.
Tiyi Egyptian queen ca. 1375 BC Wife of Amenhotep III; mother of Akhenaten.
Tudhaliya I/II Hittite king ca. 1430 BC Put down the Assuwan Rebellion; dedicated Mycenaean swords at Hattusa.
Tudhaliya IV Hittite king 1237–1209 BC Responsible for the sanctuary at Yazlıkaya, near Hattusa.
Tukulti-Ninurta I King of Assyria 1243–1207 BC Defeated Kashtiliashu IV of Babylon.
Tushratta King of Mitanni ca. 1360 BC Son of Shuttarna II; corresponded with Amarna pharaohs; daughter married Amenhotep III.
Tutankhamen Pharaoh 1336–1327 BC Eighteenth Dynasty; famous boy king whose tomb contained fabulous wealth.
Twosret Egyptian queen 1187–1185 BC Last ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty; widow of Pharaoh Seti II.
Zannanza Hittite prince ca. 1324 BC Son of Suppiluliuma I; assassinated en route to marry an Egyptian queen.
Zimri-Lim King of Mari 1776–1758 BC Contemporary of Hammurabi; author of some of the “Mari Letters.”

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