The Creation

**43. The excellent Micrographers, Kircher and Hooke, have observed that most things we sense in larger objects a lynx-eyed observer would detect in proportion in smaller ones.

If these progress to infinity, which is certainly possible since the continuous is divisible to infinity, every atom will be a certain world of infinite species, and there will be given worlds within worlds to infinity[cite: 1]. He who considers these things more deeply cannot help but be carried away by a certain ecstasy of admiration to be transferred to the Author of things[cite: 1].

44. From this now appears the reconciliation of a certain Anaxagorean infinite homoiomery [homogeneity of parts] with our opinion of the few elements of things[cite: 1]: for even if it were true that putrefaction is an insensible vermination [infestation of worms], and growth an insensible sprouting, and that air is…[cite: 1]

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…insensible water, and cold is congealed subtle air, and fire is subtle sulfur, and water is subtle nitre, and that those putrefying animalcules are resolved again into other smaller ones, and so on, as you please, to infinity[cite: 1]; these things, I say, even if they were true—as perhaps they are in part—would nevertheless not suffice for rendering the causes of things, since an example or analogy is offered rather than a cause[cite: 1]. For everywhere the question will remain without end, nor will it be any less hindered, as to why second or subtle nitre fights with subtle sulfur, than why the first or thick [nitre fights] with the thick [sulfur][cite: 1]. We, however, have rendered reasons that would suffice even for those, if they exist, in replications to infinity[cite: 1].

45. But from the Anaxagoreans (for so, by their leave, we may call those most learned Micrographers) we must return to our chemists[cite: 1]. And indeed we have spoken of the cortex, which to the sense is neither empty nor full of air and aether, but almost indifferent and therefore inert (even if something of forces always lies hidden in it also), earth, and of which water mostly consists[cite: 1]; but the Nucleus demonstrates its impregnation by sensible effects[cite: 1]. Where it can easily be settled with those who are content with two principles, as almost all ancient chemists were with Sulfur and Mercury (or male and female), or as Tachenius and others call them, Acid and Alkali[cite: 1]. For a bubble exhausted of air (and conversely distended by aether) is alkali, the female, and (in the sense of the ancient chemists)…[cite: 1]

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…mercury; [whereas] a bubble distended with air (and conversely exhausted of aether) is acid, sulfur, male. For that which is full only of aether is empty to the senses: I believe Glauber, Tachenius, and others would easily agree with me that vacuum is to be ascribed to alkali rather than to acid. Since those things which they themselves call alkalis are mostly transparent, thin, light, fluid, and helpful to vitrification, like nitre, like salt of tartar, like bones; [whereas] acids are opaque, or rather saturated with color, dense, and heavy, like oil of sulfur or vitriol, like wine, like blood.

But these things nevertheless vary by a certain admirable implication of things within themselves, so that consequently, when a certain instance is found to the contrary, a reconciliation should be sought rather than thinking of the overthrow of the entire Hypothesis. Whence also the same thing, in comparison to different things, can be now acid, now alkali; acid to the more evacuated [things], alkali to the fuller ones: and the interiors of things tend mostly to be contrary to the exteriors, and through fermentation the interiors are turned outward.

46. Lest the reader, moved by some slight species of repugnant experiment, should immediately disturb the whole harmony, since experiments mostly (as I showed in the case of motion) differ greatly at first sight from the innermost principles of things, and are not reconciled except by much artifice of universal economy involving the admirable wisdom of the Creator’s wisdom in the origin of things; our hypothesis must be shown briefly a priori…

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…to be a bit more than just a hypothesis. For first, the most subtle corpuscles cannot be coerced [contained] except by bubbles and vessels. It is necessary, therefore, that there be two highest genera of bodies: the containing and the contained, or the contentful (for I would not deny that some things fly outside of bubbles, even if they themselves perhaps consist of smaller bubbles; see below section 60). [These are] solids & liquids, bubbles & masses.

47. The motion of masses is conformable to the universal motion of the earth, water, air, and Aether (for I find no necessity for establishing another certain grand mass): bubbles serve for what is proper to themselves and place the foundations for species. Moreover, bubbles are natural or violent, or ordinary or extraordinary. Ordinary and natural ones are those in which there is only as much of other masses—earth, water, air—likewise as much aether, as the place carries in which the bubble is situated. But if a bubble has too much aether, [it is] aerial water, earth, more evacuated than is just; or conversely [if it has] too much air, [it is] less aetherial than is just, then extraordinary & violent bubbles are constituted.

48. Of the ordinary ones, there is no action out of the ordinary, and they rest, unless insofar as they are carried away by the motion of the universal masses. For if anything is excited by a certain extraordinary motion, it will soon immediately lose it, since it must perpetually conflict with the universal torrent of the whole mass. But bubbles, however they are carried away by an extraordinary universal motion, as long as they do not…

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…are broken, however, they carry with them the force of exerting some extraordinary motion, and of rupture: exactly like vessels exhausted of or distended with air, which, being carried about here and there, whenever they are opened, either discharge aether and absorb air, or discharge air and absorb aether; see above section 27.

49. Each genus of bubbles, whether ordinary and extraordinary, or exhausted and distended, is divided into thick and thin, or aqueous and earthy or glassy. And although from the observations of the Micrographers some [bubbles] are continuously found smaller than others, the same proportion will always remain: since aqueous bubbles compared to aerial ones are as earthy ones [to something else], and aerial ones have the same proportion to aetherial ones; and nothing prohibits there being another aether—of which it is not even permitted to us to suspect—superior to that aether which we collect by reason and experiments by as much as water is to earth, or air to water. But these things cannot come into our calculation because the Phenomena are not varied by them. From this it now appears that bubbles in general—ordinary, exhausted, distended—are discerned again not only into weak and firm, but also, if you like, medium; and into large and small, and again, if you like, medium (for there is a multiple latitude here between extremes). The varieties of figures and multitude are innumerable, and they contribute nothing to the sum of things.

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50. From this now that absolute Quintessence or Trinity of the Paracelsians is rendered very suspect. For as concerning the inert parts—phlegm and dead earth—which consist of ordinary bubbles (phlegm of aqueous ones, dead earth of glassy ones), or of extraordinary ones that are too small, or however large yet few, or wrapped in ordinary ones, or flowing together, I shall repeat nothing; perhaps that third mercurial principle is now alkali, now volatile acid; add below section 60. So that I might fear we are about to have a quaternion [group of four] of useful principles:

• Larger exhausted bubbles, or alkali or fixed salt;
• Larger distended bubbles, or acid or fixed sulfur;
• Smaller exhausted bubbles, or volatile alkali;
• Smaller distended bubbles, or volatile acid.

Whether there is some medium between fixed and volatile—which would make even three, as they call it, of the variety of kingdoms—must be judged by experiments, and not a few, nor just any, but by many great ones compared among themselves.

51. Nor do I wish to prostitute myself in this place with a preposterous divination; for how much variety can there be again in the constipation of exhaustion and in its degrees? And here certainly, for one about to build a Hypothesis, unless he affects to be considered rash, he must stop; for a more special application depends upon experience. I have always believed, however, that the admirable wisdom of the Founder so established things that many things are generated from a few.

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…[are generated]. Whence, if one were to dream [speculate], I would say that of these two instruments of nature, the distended and the exhausted, there are three times three variations in total: each being minimally, moderately, or maximally exhausted or distended; and of these, each is again subtle, medium, or thick. Let this be the Schema:

THE BUBBLE

Page [49]: The Schema of the Bubble**

The page contains a complex branching diagram (bracketed taxonomy) that classifies all matter based on the physical state of these microscopic “bubbles.”

Upper Classification (Brackets)

• Weak or aqueous: Variation of the container in thickness.
• Firm, or earthy, or glassy: Variation of the container in thickness.
• Small, light, subtle: Variation of the container in magnitude.
• Thick, large, heavy: Variation of the container in magnitude.
• Ordinary: Variation of the content in fullness and emptiness is null.
• Extraordinary: Variation of the content in greater or lesser fullness and emptiness.
• Exhausted / Distended: Minimally, moderately, or maximally.

Lower Definitions (Matched Pairs)

• Weak is — imperfectly mixed } Differ in passive quality.
• Firm is — perfectly mixed } Differ in passive quality.
• Subtle — of the animal kingdom } Differ in quantity or mass.
• Medium — of the vegetable kingdom } Differ in quantity or mass.
• Thick — of the mineral kingdom } Differ in quantity or mass.
• Ordinary — indifferent, sterile } Differ in active quality.
• Extraordinary — active, fecund, or feminine } Differ in active quality.
• Ordinary weak — of phlegm } Differ in quality.
• Ordinary firm — of “dead earth” } Differ in quality.
• Extraordinary exhausted — Alkali, dyeable, feminine } Seed [Semen]; differ in mode of acting.
• Extraordinary distended — Acid, tinged, masculine } Seed [Semen]; differ in mode of acting.
• Distended / Exhausted:
  • Minimally — saline or most blunt } Differ in degree of action.
  • Moderately — sulphurous or medium } Differ in degree of action.
  • Maximally — mercurial or most active } Differ in degree of action.

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52. Therefore, there are four larger masses or elements, infinite replications or homoeomeries; the component principles are indeterminate due to the variety of degrees, and then because of the impossibility of Analysis through itself. Whence, mostly from the solvent—fire, menstruum, etc.—they become decomposed along with the solute. Indeed, those component parts can scarcely be had, by the rejoining of which a thing is regenerated; for these parts themselves are also usually destroyed by that conjunction and generated by the solution. Nevertheless, there remain two useful principles, three degrees of useful principles broadly speaking, and three kingdoms. The Kingdoms differ by the solution, subtlety, and variety of parts; the degrees [differ] by elevation, concoction, and virtue. Although, for the most part, those things which are increased in virtue are also increased in subtlety: whence also in the animal kingdom, activity is greater, but more evanescent.

53. The method of healing, with these things thus positioned, if it is permitted to continue by conjecturing, returns to this: that acids should be cured by alkalis and vice versa, but by those similar in degree. Therefore, a mercurial acid will be cured by a mercurial alkali; a sulphurous acid by a sulphurous alkali; a saline acid by a saline alkali. The highest cold or alkalized poison [is cured] by the highest warm or acid balsam, and vice versa: thus, contrary substances are cured by contraries, and similar things by similars in degree. And because perhaps those three degrees of Mercury, Sulfur, and Salt again have great latitude, both in themselves and among each other, some things are more mercurial than others, or…

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…or more saline. Hence, now not just any acids [react] with any alkalis, nor any distended [bubbles] with any exhausted ones, but with proportioned ones (whence those sympathetic, or antipathic, or specific powers of certain medications are discerned by experience). Exactly as in two glass receivers, one full and the other exhausted, joined by orifices: unless there is a just quantity in the full one, upon opening the common stopcock to refill the exhausted one, a rupture will follow. For the rest, the Kingdoms provide nourishment for themselves through a scale: minerals for vegetables, these for animals, and back again; all [provide] medicine for all, even through salts.

54. But all this application thus far is divinatory, and if it displeases anyone, let it not be said. It suffices to have rendered a cause that will suffice for explaining all motions; it suffices to have deduced theories from the simplest and most liquid things, and those easiest for the intellect, all the way to this gate of experience—theories which otherwise are volatile and irreconcilable to the use of life and practical analysis. It suffices to have brought forward those things which can almost be reconciled with all domestic opinions, with them remaining safe.

55. He who denies the motion of the earth can be content with the motion of the aether with the sun or light around the earth. But whether he affirms or denies a Vacuum, it is all the same, since I freely confess that whatever is exhausted of air is refilled with aether; in short, once inanities are left behind, it adds nothing to the sum of the hypothesis. Neither Aristotle nor his genuine interpreter…

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…the illustrious Digby might be indignant with me. They [the Peripatetics] have four elements: Earth, Water, Air, Fire; I, in place of fire, have Aether, from which it differs only in name. For the pure fire of Aristotle—such as is supposed by him to exist under the concavity of the Moon, or above the air—is conceded by me (who believes aether to be superior to air). Even by Aristotle’s own testimony, it does not burn; yet it is rightly called fire, since our fire is produced from the collection and explosion of a river of aether. Nevertheless, I preferred the name of aether because I ascribe to it many other great effects unobserved by them. For the familiar meaning of “fire” is something far different, and my aether is the cause of common fire rather than its matter: although, against the original use of the word, the Greek aether is the same as the Latin ignis [fire]. But custom brings it about that we name a body subtler than air itself “aether”.

56. Furthermore, “rare” and “dense” are indeed rightly for Digby the highest difference of bodies, for even those [qualities] which the Peripatetics call “primary” are deduced from them. Since heat is rarefying, cold is densifying, moist is rare, and dry is dense; the former are active, the latter passive. And warm things, through a strong internal motion, both eject subtle rays and reject and repel the air resting upon them by its own gravity; which ventilation—reaching other bodies equally as radiation—then opens their pores and provides for the particles, previously constricted by density, a free similar motion or field…

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…it provides, or a tendency [conatus], if they do not yet have an impression. Whence also the gathering of homogenous things follows, just as metals variedly confused with dross, being liberated by the rarefying flow of the fire’s heat, then collect into a “regulus” by natural gravity.

But so that “rare” and “dense” may perform what our “exhausted” and “distended” [bubbles] do—that is, the force of restoring oneself from dilation or compression—something else must be added: namely, the motion of the aether. For to that excellent man [Digby], the remains of Metaphysical notions had clung, whence he ascribes that force of compressed or distracted things restoring themselves to I-know-not-what innate appetite; as if a mass of given matter, even if it can fill more or less space, might return by its own effort to its prescribed extension.

But I judge that these things have spontaneously yielded in minds by the increasing light of Philosophy: since it is certain, as Hobbes rightly taught along with Descartes, that the same mass cannot fill more or less space. For even if a discontinued thing can be extended longer and wider, it does not therefore fill whatever it embraces, but rather, as another thing succeeds it, it is subdivided into subtler parts having separate motions. For that is what it means to be “rarer” (although in the end, it may not find a thing existing without any vacuum, because it is impossible for there to be any motion acting entirely in a plenum outside its own body, and not returning upon itself in a line). Aristotle, as [I noted] in the preface to Nizolius regarding true principles…

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…principles, and the true method of philosophizing recently republished, I have shown that it would be far easier to reconcile [them]; for he [Aristotle] says almost nothing of what the Scholastics impose upon him. Certainly, he established heaven as the cause of all things, and that heaven acts through motion. And rightly so, for even Light is nothing other than the internal agitation of a thing, so strong that its efforts [conatus] tending outward from any and every sensible point strike the eye directly and reflexively. Who would wonder that from such a strong agitation heat and rarefaction arise, and in the opposite part of the globe, condensation? And that from these—with the motion of the aether added, impressed by the circulation of solar light—bubbles, gravity, and elasticity [elaterem], and the rest arise from these? Certainly, that substantial forms (except for the mind) were not an absolute being even to Aristotle, but only logos (reason), proportion, desmos (bond), and the intimate structure of parts—whatever the Scholastics might have imposed on him—was taught long ago by Honoré Fabri and Giovanni Rauei, men of ingenious and solid freedom in philosophizing beyond all-encompassing erudition.